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You are here: Home | Charles Lindbergh Biography
Related Pages:
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Charles Lindbergh Biography
The life of an aviator seemed to me ideal. It involved skill. It brought adventure. It made use of the latest developments of science. Mechanical engineers were fettered to factories and drafting boards while pilots have the freedom of wind with the expanse of sky. There were times in an aeroplane when it seemed I had escaped mortality to look down on earth like a God.
– Charles A. Lindbergh, 1927
Charles Augustus Lindbergh-Overview
Lindbergh, Charles Augustus (1902-1974), an American aviator, made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean on May 20-21, 1927. Other pilots had crossed the Atlantic before him. But Lindbergh was the first person to do it alone nonstop.
Lindbergh's feat gained him immediate, international fame. The press named him "Lucky Lindy" and the "Lone Eagle." Americans and Europeans idolized the shy, slim young man and showered him with honors.
Before Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941, Lindbergh campaigned against voluntary American involvement in World War II. Many Americans criticized him for his noninvolvement beliefs. After the war, he avoided publicity until the late 1960's, when he spoke out for the conservation of natural resources. Lindbergh served as an adviser in the aviation industry from the days of wood and wire airplanes to supersonic jets.
Born on Feb. 4, 1902, in Detroit
Charles Augustus Lindbergh was born on Feb. 4, 1902, in Detroit. He grew up on a farm near Little Falls, Minn. He was the son of Charles Augustus Lindbergh, Sr., a lawyer, and his wife, Evangeline Lodge Land. Lindbergh's father served as a U.S. congressman from Minnesota from 1907 to 1917.
In childhood, Lindbergh showed exceptional mechanical ability. At the age of 18 years, he entered the University of Wisconsin to study engineering. However, Lindbergh was more interested in the exciting, young field of aviation than he was in school. After two years, he left school to become a barnstormer, a pilot who performed daredevil stunts at fairs.
Enlisted in the United States Army
In 1924, Lindbergh enlisted in the United States Army so that he could be trained as an Army Air Service Reserve pilot. In 1925, he graduated from the Army's flight-training school at Brooks and Kelly fields, near San Antonio, as the best pilot in his class. After Lindbergh completed his Army training, the Robertson Aircraft Corporation of St. Louis hired him to fly the mail between St. Louis and Chicago. He gained a reputation as a cautious and capable pilot.
Orteig prize
In 1919, a New York City hotel owner named Raymond Orteig offered $25,000 to the first aviator to fly nonstop from New York to Paris. Several pilots were killed or injured while competing for the Orteig prize. By 1927, it had still not been won. Lindbergh believed he could win it if he had the right airplane. He persuaded nine St. Louis businessmen to help him finance the cost of a plane. Lindbergh chose Ryan Aeronautical Company of San Diego to manufacture a special plane, which he helped design. He named the plane the Spirit of St. Louis. On May 10-11, 1927, Lindbergh tested the plane by flying from San Diego to New York City, with an overnight stop in St. Louis. The flight took 20 hours 21 minutes, a transcontinental record.
May 20, 1927
On May 20, Lindbergh took off in the Spirit of St. Louis from Roosevelt Field, near New York City, at 7:52 A.M. He landed at Le Bourget Field, near Paris, on May 21 at 10:21 P.M. Paris time (5:21 P.M. New York time). Thousands of cheering people had gathered to meet him. He had flown more than 3,600 miles (5,790 kilometers) in 33 1/2 hours.
Lindbergh's heroic flight thrilled people throughout the world. He was honored with awards, celebrations, and parades. President Calvin Coolidge gave Lindbergh the Congressional Medal of Honor and the Distinguished Flying Cross.
Lindbergh and the Spirit of St. Louis visited Fargo, ND on Friday, August 26, 1927. Murray Baldwin (President of the Fargo Aeronautic Club), Lindbergh, Fargo Mayor J.H. Dahl
After the flight
In 1927, Lindbergh published We, a book about his transatlantic flight. The title referred to Lindbergh and his plane. Lindbergh flew throughout the United States to encourage air-mindedness on behalf of the Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics. Lindbergh learned about the pioneer rocket research of Robert H. Goddard, a Clark University physics professor. Lindbergh persuaded the Guggenheim family to support Goddard's experiments, which later led to the development of missiles, satellites, and space travel. Lindbergh also worked for several airlines as a technical adviser.
Guggenheim Tour
Before Charles Lindbergh left for Paris, Harry Guggenheim, a North Shore multimillionaire and aviation enthusiast, visited him at Curtiss Field. "When you get back from your flight, look me up," said Guggenheim, who later admitted he didn't think there was much chance Lindbergh would survive the trip.
Lindbergh remembered and did call upon his return. It was the beginning of a friendship that would have a profound impact on the development of aviation in the United States. The two decided Lindbergh would make a three-month tour of the United States, paid for by a fund Harry and his father, Daniel, had set up earlier to encourage aviation-related research.
Daniel Guggenheim Fund sponsored Lindbergh on a three month nation-wide tour. Flying the "Spirit of St. Louis," he touched down in 49 states, visited 92 cities, gave 147 speeches, and rode 1,290 miles in parades.
"Lindbergh was seen by literally millions of people as he flew around the country," said Richard P. Hallion, historian for the Air Force and the author of a book on the Guggenheims. "Airmail usage exploded overnight as a result," and the public began to view airplanes as a viable means of travel.
In addition, Lindbergh spent a month at Guggenheim's Sands Point mansion, Falaise, while writing "We," his best-selling 1927 account of his trip.
Guggenheim Tour Map >>
He met Anne Spencer Morrow
John Luther "Jack" Maddux, head of Maddux Airlines based in Los Angeles is on the left; Helene and Jack Jr. are on the right of Lindbergh. Image owned by kirtlink@missvalley.com
Certificate of Marriage
Click to Enlarge
At the request of the U.S. government, Lindbergh flew to various Latin-American countries in December 1927 as a symbol of American good will. While in Mexico, he met Anne Spencer Morrow, the daughter of Dwight W. Morrow, the American ambassador there. Lindbergh married Anne Morrow in 1929. He taught her to fly, and they went on many flying expeditions together throughout the world, charting new routes for various airlines. Anne Morrow Lindbergh also became famous for her poetry and other writings.
Lindbergh invented an artificial heart
Lindbergh invented an "artificial heart" between 1931 and 1935. He developed it for Alexis Carrel, a French surgeon and biologist whose research included experiments in keeping organs alive outside the body. Lindbergh's device could pump the substances necessary for life throughout the tissues of an organ.
Charles Augustus, Jr. kidnapping
On March 1, 1932, the Lindberghs' 20-month-old son, Charles Augustus, Jr., was kidnapped from the family home in New Jersey. About ten weeks later, his body was found. In 1934, police arrested a carpenter, Bruno Richard Hauptmann, and charged him with the murder. Hauptmann was convicted of the crime. He was executed in 1936.
The press sensationalized the tragedy. Reporters, photographers, and curious onlookers pestered the Lindberghs constantly. In 1935, after the Hauptmann trial, Lindbergh, his wife, and their 3-year-old son, Jon, moved to Europe in search of privacy and safety.
The Lindbergh kidnapping led Congress to pass the "Lindbergh law." This law makes kidnapping a federal offense if the victim is taken across state lines or if the mail service is used for ransom demands.
German medal of honor
While in Europe, Lindbergh was invited by the governments of France and Germany to tour the aircraft industries of their countries. Lindbergh was especially impressed with the highly advanced aircraft industry of Nazi Germany. In 1938, Hermann Goering, a high Nazi official, presented Lindbergh with a German medal of honor. Lindbergh's acceptance of the medal caused an outcry in the United States among critics of Nazism.
Opposed voluntary American entry into World War II
Lindbergh and his family returned to the United States in 1939. In 1941, he joined the America First Committee, an organization that opposed voluntary American entry into World War II. Lindbergh became a leading spokesman for the committee. He criticized President Franklin D. Roosevelt's foreign policies. He also charged that British, Jewish, and pro-Roosevelt groups were leading America into war. Lindbergh resigned his commission in the Army Air Corps after Roosevelt publicly denounced him. Some Americans accused Lindbergh of being a Nazi sympathizer because he refused to return the medal he had accepted.
After the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941, Lindbergh stopped his noninvolvement activity. He tried to reenlist, but his request was refused. He then served as a technical adviser and test pilot for the Ford Motor Company and United Aircraft Corporation (now United Technologies Corporation).
50 combat missions
In April 1944, Lindbergh went to the Pacific war area as an adviser to the United States Army and Navy. Although he was a civilian, he flew about 50 combat missions. Lindbergh also developed cruise control techniques that increased the capabilities of American fighter planes.
Withdrew from public attention
After the War, Lindbergh withdrew from public attention. He worked as a consultant to the chief of staff of the U.S. Air Force. President Dwight D. Eisenhower restored Lindbergh's commission and appointed him a brigadier general in the Air Force in 1954. Pan American World Airways also hired Lindbergh as a consultant. He advised the airline on its purchase of jet transports and eventually helped design the Boeing 747 jet. In 1953, Lindbergh published The Spirit of St. Louis, an expanded account of his 1927 transatlantic flight. The book won a Pulitzer Prize in 1954.
Conservation movement
Lindbergh traveled widely and developed an interest in the cultures of peoples in Africa and the Philippines. In the late 1960's, he ended his years of silence to speak out for the conservation movement. He especially campaigned for the protection of humpback and blue whales, two species of whales in danger of extinction. Lindbergh opposed the development of supersonic transport planes because he feared the effects the planes might have on the earth's atmosphere.
Died of cancer on Aug. 26, 1974
Lindbergh died of cancer on Aug. 26, 1974, in his home on the Hawaiian island of Maui. After his death, he was buried on the beautiful grounds of the Palapala Ho'omau Church. The Autobiography of Values, a collection of Lindbergh's writings, was published in 1978.
Lindbergh residence in Maui
The following pictures are of the Lindbergh residence and the guest house in Maui, Hawaii.
Click on the following thumbnail images to view a large image:
Palapalo Ho'omau Church Cemetery
Charles Lindbergh lived his last days on the lush Hana coast. Today he lies at rest on the serene grounds of the Palapala Ho'omau Church in beautiful Kipahulu. The limestone coral church was built in 1857. Lindbergh's grave is under the shade of a Java plum tree. Before he died, he sketched a simple design for his grave and coffin.
The inscription reads: Charles A. Lindbergh Born: Michigan, 1902. Died: Maui, 1974. If I take the wings of the morning, and dwell in the uttermost parts of the sea. -- CAL
Directions: The Palapala Ho'omau Church is located 8 miles south of Hana on the ocean side of the highway. A small road just past Mile Marker #41 leads to the church.
Click on the following thumbnail images to view a large image:
Biography of Charles Augustus Lindbergh, Sr. 1859–1924 (Father)
Reprinted from the Minnesota Historical Society
Charles Augustus Lindbergh and Charles Augustus Lindbergh, Sr
Charles August Lindbergh was born in Stockholm, Sweden on January 20, 1859, the eldest of the seven children of August and Louise Lindbergh. Charles Lindbergh graduated from the University of Michigan Law School in 1883. Following his graduation he practiced law in Little Falls, Minnesota until 1909 when he was elected to Congress from the sixth congressional district. He held this seat through 1916. Lindbergh was elected on the Republican ticket and soon became one of the leaders of the progressive Republicans in Congress. His activities as a member of this group included the attempt to unseat Joseph Cannon as Speaker of the House; the investigation of the "money trust"; opposition to the reciprocal trade policies of the Taft administration; and opposition to the Wilson adminstration's attempts to aid the allies during the first years of World War I. Lindbergh's main concern, however, was the monetary policies of both Republican and Democratic administrations.
Lindbergh ran, and was defeated, in several subsequent elections: 1916 (United States Senate), 1918 (governor of Minnesota), 1920 (Congress), 1923 (special United States Senate election), and 1924 (governor of Minnesota) during which campaign he died. In the 1910s and 1920s, Lindbergh began a number of political magazines and newspapers, all of which failed. One paper of note was called the Lindbergh National Farmer. Books and pamphlets written by Lindbergh, which were widely distributed, include Why Is Your Country at War?, The Econonic Pinch, and Who and What Caused the Panic? His anti-war writings and speeches during World War I caused him to be branded as a traitor and affected the outcome of the 1918 gubernatorial election. At the time, Lindbergh was prevented from speaking in many parts of the state and was opposed by many powerful public opinion forming agencies in the state.
Following his congressional career, Lindbergh maintained law offices in Little Falls and Minneapolis, Minnesota but much of his time was devoted to politics, to writing, and to real estate ventures in Florida and Minnesota. Lindbergh represented a number of individuals living in the eastern United States who owned real estate in Minnesota. He made real estate invenstments of his own in Florida.
In 1887 Charles A. Lindbergh married Mary LaFond, daughter of Moses LaFond, a prominent man in Little Falls. Together they had two daughters, Lillian and Eva. Mary LaFond Lindbergh died in 1898. In 1901 Charles married Evangeline Lodge Land, daughter of C. H. Land of Detroit, Michigan. Charles Augustus Lindbergh was their only child. Charles August Lindbergh died in Crookston, Minnesota on May 24, 1924; Evangeline Lodge Land Lindbergh died in 1954.
BIOGRAPHY OF EVA LINDBERGH CHRISTIE SPAETH
Biography of Eva Lindbergh Christie Spaeth, 1892–1985 (Sister)
Reprinted from the Minnesota Historical Society
Eva Lindbergh, daughter of Mary LaFond and Charles August Lindbergh, was born in Little Falls in 1892. She graduated from Carleton College in 1914, after which she taught school in Akeley, Minnesota. From 1914 to 1916 she worked in her father's congressional office. In 1916 she married George West Christie and the couple moved to Red Lake Falls, Minnesota where they edited and published the Red Lake Falls Gazette. Together they had two children: George Christie and Lillian Christie Johnson. George Christie, Sr. died in 1956. After his death and until 1968, Eva continued to publish the paper. On June 6, 1970 she married G. Howard Spaeth, who had been the Minnesota commissioner of taxation. Eva died on January 28, 1985.
Resources:
Lindbergh by A. Scott Berg
More Information >>>
The Spirit of St. Louis by Charles Lindbergh
Autobiography of Values by Charles Lindbergh
Charles A. Lindbergh : A Human Hero
Uncommon Friends : Life With Thomas Edison, Henry Ford, Harvey Firestone, Alexis Carrel, & Charles Lindbergh
The Ghosts of Hopewell : Setting the Record Straight in the Lindbergh Case
Flight : The Journey of Charles Lindbergh
Good-Bye, Charles Lindbergh : Based on a True Story
Lindbergh : Triumph and Tragedy
Charles Lindbergh's Noninterventionist Efforts & America First Committee Involvement
The following information is offered as a resource to understand Charles Lindbergh's involvement within the Noninterventionist movement and America First Committee prior to the start of World War II. This site does not support the content of some of the information below, however, the goal of this web site is to offer a perspective of available information to make your own judgment. Please feel free to submit additional information and pictures for this page to webmaster@charleslindbergh.com.
The owner/developer of this site would like to thank Joseph Morabito for supplying files, images, and Lindbergh American First/Nonintervention information for this page.
Charles Lindbergh provided Americans with a portrait of the European war that differed substantially from the one conceived by the Roosevelt administration...
Click to enlarge
Charles Lindbergh speaking at an America First Rally in Indiana
* Drawing on his experiences and observations during four or five years abroad (1935-1939) in Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America, Charles Lindbergh provided Americans with a portrait of the European war that differed substantially from the one conceived by the Roosevelt administration and by so-called interventionists in the United States. He did not see the conflict as basically a war for democracy or morality. He was skeptical of the ideology and moral righteousness of the British and French. He conceived of morality in international affairs as relative to time, place, circumstances, and power. His approach was, in effect, more understanding of the Germans (without approving of what they did) and more skeptical of the Allies than the conventional view in the United States. Lindbergh saw a divided responsibility for the origins of the European war, rather than an assignment of the total blame to Hitler, Nazi Germany, and the Axis states. He did not view Germany, Britian, and France as implacable foes with irreconcilable differences that could be resolved only by war; he saw them all as parts of Western civilization. And he conceived of the European war as a fratricdal struggle (like the wars between Athens and Sparta in ancient Greece) that could destroy Western civilization. Conceptions of race were conspicuous in his analyses, as were his concerns about the challenge of Asiatic hordes to the survival of Western civilization. Like later American "realists," Colonel Lindbergh attached great weight to the role of power in international relations and in prevailing definitions of morality.
* Source: Wayne S. Cole's, Charles A. Lindbergh and the Battle Against American Intervention in World War II
Charles A. Lindbergh and the Battle Against American Intervention in World War II
Recommended Book by Wayne S. Cole
If you're interested in a detailed account of Charles Lindbergh's noninterventionist efforts, please read the book, "Charles A. Lindbergh and the Battle Against American Intervention in World War II" by Wayne S. Cole. Although the book is out of print, it can often be found on the used book area of Amazon.com. Search for used books >>
America First Committee Overview
America First Committee, founded in September 1940, was the most powerful isolationist group in America before the United States entered World War II. It had over 800,000 members, who wanted to keep America neutral. It tried to influence public opinion through publications and speeches. America First disagreed with another powerful group, the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies.
Click to enlarge
American First Committee Poster
Both groups wanted to build American defenses and keep America out of the war. But the Committee to Defend America argued that the best way to remain neutral was to aid Britain. America First thought it more important to stay out of the war than to assure a British victory. America First was dissolved four days after the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941.
America First Committee Original Four Principles:
1. The United States must build an impregnable defense for America
2. No foreign power, nor group of powers, can successfully attack a prepared America
3. American democracy can be preserved only by keeping out of the European war.
4. "Aid short of war" weakens national defense at home and threatens to involve America in war abroad.
Proposed Activities- September 5, 1940:
1. To bring together all Americans, regardless of possible differences on other matters, who see eye-to-eye on these principles. (This does not include Nazists [sic], Fascists, Communists, or members of other groups that place the interest of any other nation above those of our own country.)
2. To urge Americans to keep their heads amid rising hysteria of times of crisis.
3. To provide sane national leadership for the majority of the American people who want to keep out of the European war.
4. To register this opinion with the President and with Congress.
American First Logo
Download Radio Addresses of Col. Charles A. Lindbergh
Adobe Acrobat Reader must be installed to view and print the following PDF file.
• America and European Wars—Delivered September 15, 1939
• Neutrality and War—Delivered October 13, 1939
• The Air Defense of America—Delivered May 19, 1940
• Our Drift Toward War—Delivered June 15, 1940
• Our Relationship with Europe—Delivered August 4, 1940
Lindbergh America First Committee speeches on non-intervention in 1941
• Two Historic Lindbergh Speeches- October 13, 1939 & August 4, 1940
• New York Speech: Delivered in New York City, New York, on April 23, 1941
• New York Speech: Delivered in New York City, New York, on May 23 1941
• Des Moines Speech: Delivered in Des Moines, Iowa, on September 11, 1941
• What Do We Mean by Democracy and Freedom? Speech was scheduled for an AFC rally in Boston on December 12, 1941. Due to Pearl Harbor, it was never delivered.
Lindbergh & the America First Committee
Click to enlarge
Charles Lindbergh speaking at an American First Rally
"If any one of these groups--the British, the Jewish, or the administration--stops agitating for war, I believe there will be little danger of our involvement."
Charles Lindbergh- September 11, 1941
On September 11, 1941, Charles Lindbergh appeared in Des Moines, Iowa, to speak on behalf of the isolationist America First Committee. The famous aviator criticized the groups he perceived were leading America into war for acting against the country's interests. He expressed doubt that the U.S. military would achieve victory in a war against Germany, which he said had "armies stronger than our own." The Des Moines speech was met with outrage in many quarters, and Lindbergh was denounced as an anti-Semite. In his hometown of Little Falls, Minnesota, his name was even removed from the town's water tower.
Six years earlier, Lindbergh had moved to England with his wife to escape the publicity surrounding the kidnapping and murder of their infant son. In 1936, he inspected Germany's military aviation program on behalf of the U.S. government, and in August attended the Summer Olympic Games in Berlin as a guests of Nazi Hermann Goering, the head of the Luftwaffe. Impressed by German industry and society under Adolf Hitler, the Lindberghs considered moving to Berlin.
In 1938, Goering presented Lindbergh with the Service Cross of the German Eagle for his contributions to aviation. Returning to America in 1939, Lindbergh became an advocate of American isolationism, but was criticized for his Nazi sympathies and anti-Semitic beliefs.
On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, and debate over U.S. war policy came to an end. Lindbergh, who had resigned his military commission in 1939, asked to be reinstated, but President Franklin D. Roosevelt refused. The middle-aged Lindbergh later made it to the Pacific as an observer, and eventually ended up flying over two dozen combat missions, including one in which he downed a Japanese aircraft.
Download Brochures & Articles that criticized Lindbergh's American Isolationism Views and Statements
Click to enlarge
The following brochure was created by the Friends of Democracy, Inc. in 1941. The brochure was titled, "Is Lindbergh a Nazi". The brochure has been converted to a PDF file format. Adobe Acrobat Reader must be installed to view and print the following PDF file.
• Download—Is Lindbergh a Nazi Brochure
An article titled, "$10,000 to Combat Lindbergh is Sought From Movie Unit of Friends for Democracy" appeared in the NY times. (date unknown.)
• Download—NY Times Article
Additional New York Times articles about Lindbergh's noninterventionist activities.
• Download—Lindbergh Sees Trickery on War: Lists Roosevelt "Subterfuges" At Garden Rally.
• Download—Lindbergh Calls 42 Vote Menaced-He Tells Rally at Fort Wayne We Now Have One-Man Rule, With Free Speech Imperiled.
• Download—America First Says Race Is Not Issue: Denies Anti-Semitism, Asserting That Interventionists, Not Lindbergh, Brought It Up.
• Download—Lindbergh is Accused of Inciting Race Hate: Lewis Douglas and Two Groups Assail Des Moines Speech
• View 7/21/1941 ad titled, "You're Not Our Hero Ex-Col. Lindbergh""
Audio clip of Lindbergh on non-intervention in 1941
• WAV Audio Clip
• Real Player Audio Clip
• Real Player Audio Clip- Long Version
• MP3 Audio Clip- Long Version
• MP3 Audio Clip- Medium Version
• MP3 Audio Clip- Short Version
• MP3 Audio Clip- 9-11-41 Des Moines, IA speech by Charles Lindbergh
Audio Clip About Lindbergh & the American First Movement
Author A. Scott Berg talks with Terry Gross, Fresh Air, about the Lindbergh and his American First activities-
• Real Player Audio Clip
Related Clips
Pearl Harbor Under Attack- Broadcast:
• MP3 Audio Clip
FDR-Franklin Delano Roosevelt Declaration of War full broadcast from Dec 8, 1941:
• MP3 Audio Clip
Download Student Essay
Title: Developing for Peace: An Analysis of Charles A. Lindbergh's Views on American Foreign Policy
Author: Adam Jantunen
Email: adamjantunen@canada.com
Written for HIS 4140: Seminar in Diplomatic History: The American Quest for a World Order from Thomas Paine to Ronald Reagan. University of Ottawa, Canada
Download Essay
Additional Images
Click to enlarge the following images.
New York Daily PM Newspaper-September 15,1941
War's First Casualty Poster
A ticket from an
America First rally.
Will Lindbergh run
for Senate ad.
Cartoon showing Lindbergh
receiving a Nazi medal
AFC Brochure-Side 1
America First Brochure-Side 2
America First Membership Certificate-Side 1
America First Membership Certificate-Side 2
America First Membership Certificate-Principles
Poster for Lindbergh's final America First address—Scheduled for December 12, 1941
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This site and www.MissingAirCrew.com is owned & developed by Patrick Ranfranz of Shoreview, Minnesota as a hobby.
Email: webmaster@charleslindbergh.com
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If I could, I would enclose a speech by Lindbergh, the pioneer of aviation who crossed the Atlantic by plane for the first time. He should have become the favourite candidate to run for President of the USA, advocating Peace. But his speech was never delivered, because of the crazy attack on Pearl Harbour by the Japanese in 1941, shortly after another crazy attack by Hitler on the Soviet Communists. Instead of a clever 'pinch' on Stalin's Forces, the Japanese from the East (as they were already in China), and the Germans from the West, these lunatics of the first half of the XXth century (Nazis and Japanese fanatic Imperialists) drove America into World War II. The net result was: 50 million dead in WWII, 20 million dead in the post war purges by Stalin, some 70 million dead in China, where the Nationalists first and Mao later received help from Stalin (the real beast) to wipe out any chances of democracy. In conclusion: at least 140 million dead (including women and children),half of Europe became Soviet, the other half effectively 'American', the British , in spite of winning the war and defeating Hitler, lost their precious British Empire and the Jewels of the Crown, Japan and Germany soon became the second and third largest economic powers on earth in spite of defeat, Africa was completely forgotten (and remains in agony), and Cold War prevailed over the other half of the XXth century, while our Planet Earth's Environment was gradually destroyed by uncontrolled industrialization, while the financial systems literally became globally speculative and ouside the real control of Governments and Democracy.